Attachment Behaviours Essay Example For Students

Attachment Behaviours Essay Why have psychologists stressed the importance of attachment behaviours in development?Many theorists agree that social contact early in a childs life is important for healthy personality development. This is the most important relationship of the child development period as it is from this that the child drives its confidence in the world. A break from this relationship is experienced as highly distressing and constitutes a considerable trauma (Schaffer 1964). Through frequent social and emotional exchanges with parents the infant not only defines itself, but also acquires a particular style and orientation that some researchers believe is carried over into later life (Sroufe 1978). Therefore, the relationship between an infant and its caregiver and its development is one that has generated much interest to developmental psychologists. John Bowlby (1958, 1968) put forward a comprehensive account of attachment and believed that the infant and mother instinctively trigger each others behaviour to form an attachment bond. Attachment can therefore be defined as the ability to form focused, permanent and emotionally meaningful relationships with specific others (Butterworth Harris 1994). In child psychology, attachment is often restricted to a relationship between particular social figures and to a particular phenomenon thought to reflect unique characteristics of the relationship ( Santrock Bartlett 1986). This essay will attempt to examine the role and importance of attachment behaviours in development. In Bowlbys view, there is a dyadic emotional regulation between the infant and the mother or caregiver. The infant has innate signals to elicit responses from the caregiver. Conversely, infant behaviour such as crying, cooing, smiling etc are elicited by the caregivers specific actions e.g. leaving the room or putting the infant down. Santrock and Bartlett (1986) found that the infants behaviour is directed by the primary goal of maintaining the mothers proximi ty. The baby processes information about the mothers location and changes his behaviour based on this fact. Thus?instinct or a fixed pattern is the primary force for developmental change, but is transformed through social experience. This reciprocal tie of mother and infant is a state that ensures care and protection during the most vulnerable period of development. This attachment to the mother has a clear biological survival value, explaining the significance of the mother-infant interaction within the overall framework of attachment behaviour. Sroufe (1991) supports this view, he maintains that attachment refers to a behavioural system, which is selected for its effect on the reproductive success of individuals in the environment in which they evolved. Bowlby argued that different attachment behaviours, such as crying, following etc, are functionally related, in that all may lead to the same outcome the caregiver-infant proximity (Sroufe 1991). Bowlby argues that attachment, is therefore a primary process, which is innate, and is mediated by social interchange. Here the visual channel plays an important role, i.e. through smiling and eye to eye contacts. Bowlby outlined four phases of the development of attachment as an integrated system of behaviours in infants:Phase 1:- Birth 2/3 monthsThe infant directs his attachment to human figures on an instinctual bias; all are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying because the infant is not discriminating. Phase 2:- 3-6 monthsThe infants attachment focuses on one figure, typically the primary caregiver. Phase 3:- 6-9 monthsThe intensity of attachment to the mother or caregiver increases. Due to this and newly acquired motor skills, the infant now readily seeks the proximity to the caregiver. Phase 4:- 9-12 monthsThe elements of attachment listed above become integrated into a mutual system of attachment to which both infant and mother contribute. Bowlby argued that communication between the infant and the caregiver takes the form of non verbal communication, this can be eye to eye contact, or face to face interaction. He went on to propose that the babys smile is the essential catalyst that generates the infant-caregiver interaction. The interaction goes through positive feedback on both sides until it becomes a conversation of visually perceived gestures. Wright (1991) outlines the progress of this progression of smiling in the development of attachment behaviours:Begins at birth: At first the smile is fleeting and incomplete. 4-5 weeks: The smile is now nearly complete and the trigger for the smile becomes more specific. 5-6 weeks: The smile response is now fully formed. 6-10 weeks: The mother/caregivers face evokes a more immediate and generous smile than any other does. 2-3 months: The smile response to the mothers/ caregivers and other familiars becomes more dominant; with responses to strangers becoming weaker. American Psycho College Essay Paper(ii) Group C: Resistant insecurely attached relationships: These children are more likely to seem anxious or distressed and in need of contact even when the mother is in the room. This type of infant has trouble using the mother as a secure base for exploration. Upon reunion with the mother after separation, the infant may, while seeking contact with her may actively resist her efforts to comfort them. (iii) Group A: Avoidant insecurely attached relationships: The children of this group separate readily to play, and do not particularly seek to be close to their mother when alone with her. They are also not particularly distressed when left alone with a stranger. Most significantly, on reunion with their mother they show no more than a casual greeting and may ignore, or pointedly look away from turn away from, or move away from the caregiver. They do not initiate action and are not responsive to the mothers attempts at interaction (Sroufe 1995). This situation of being left alone, and then being reunited with the caregiver can be categorised into these three categories. An explanation of this is that with prolonged separation, the emotional upheaval is so great that the infants behavioural structure is disorganised, and cannot be put back together immediately. In clinical terms, one could speak of the infant as at first defending against the possibility of renewed pain and vulnerability by not acknowledging the presence of the caregiver. (Sroufe 1995) All in all the different patterns of attachment have complex causes. They are thought to develop as a response to different styles of mothering and as a consequence of the temperamental characteristics of the child. However, the classification may vary from culture to culture and the same baby may show different patterns depending on whether parents or siblings accompany the baby in the test. The practical importance of attachment research can be seen in the areas of hospitalisation, and re homing orphaned or foster children. The knowledge gained from these tests should help policy makers deal with these issues with sensitivity. Hospitalisation of infants in particular has benefited from this research in that caregivers are now allowed to stay in hospital with their babies or young children. The area of day care facilities have also been benefited by this research, as it suggests that a brief separation does not disrupt the healthy attachment bond as it was previously thought to do. However, if there is already stress in the home environment, the separation and insecure attachment may have adverse consequences. Longer term consequences of disrupted attachment are more difficult to establish; but is thought to be reversible, as children brought up in orphanages become securely attached to their adoptive parents even as late as 8 years old ( Tizard and Hodges 1978 cited in Butterworth Harris 1994). In conclusion, Bowlbys ideas and research provided a comprehensive basis for present day approaches to attachment. Research implies that there are, therefore three main characteristics of attachment behaviours: Firstly, the infant seeks the closeness and proximity of the caregiver. Secondly, that the infant shows distress at separation from the attachment figure and then relief upon reunion, i.e., displays a clear preference even without physical contact by eye contact or attentiveness to the sound of the caregivers voice. Thirdly, that the infant uses the attachment figure as a secure base from which to explore its physical and social environment (Brodzinsky, Gormly and Ambron 1979). The importance of attachment in the development of an infant cannot be underestimated, as it is from this bond that the infant finds comfort security and a base from which to explore his/her environment safely. Attachment behaviours can be seen as the manifestation of this ne ed that the infant has, as research suggests that a break from a meaningful, emotionally charged lasting relationship will produce highly distressing consequences. Reference:Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M.C., Waters,E. and Wall,S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bowlby, J (1969) Attachment and Loss, Vol1 Harmondsworth: Pelican Books. Brodzinsky, D.M., Gormly, A.V., Ambron, S.A., (1979) Lifespan Human Development, (3rd Ed.) 123-133, New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Butterworth, G., Harris, M., (1994) Principles of Developmental Psychology, Chap. 6, Hove: LEA. Cardwell, M., Clark, L., Meldrum, c., (1996) Psychology for Alevel, London: HarperCollins. Santrock, J.W., Bartlett, J.C. (1986) Developmental Psychology: A life-cycle Perspective. 294-299, Iowa: Wm.C.Brown. Schaffer, H.R.,(1998) Making Decisions about Children, (2nd Ed.) 20-29, Blackwell. Sroufe, L. Alan, (1995) Emotional Development, The organization of emotional life in the early years. Chap.10, Cambridge:CUP. Wright, K. (1991) Vision and Separation: Between mother and baby, 8-11, London:FAB. Psychology

A Closer Look At High Risk Youth Essay Example For Students

A Closer Look At High Risk Youth Essay It is important not to overreact to isolated incidents. Young people will have problems and will learn, at their own rate, to struggle and deal with them. But it is critical for parents and helping adults to be aware of the factors that put a youth at particular risk, especially when stressful events begin to accumulate for these vulnerable individuals. A good starting point for identifying and intervening with highly troubled and depressed young people is the careful study of suicidal adolescents. Family history and biology can create a predisposition for dealing poorly with stress. These factors make a person susceptible to depression and self-destructive behavior. ? History of depression and/or suicide in the family? Alcoholism or drug use in the family? Sexual or physical abuse patterns in the family? Chronic illness in oneself or family? Family or individual history of psychiatric disorders such as eating disorders, schizophrenia, manic-depressive disorder, conduct disorders, delinquency? Death or serious loss in the family? Learning disabilities or mental/physical disabilities? Absent or divorced parents; inadequate bonding in adoptive families? Family conflict; poor parent/child relationshipsPersonality traits, especially when they change dramatically, can signal serious trouble. These traits include:? Impulsive behaviors, obsessions and unreal fears? Aggressive and antisocial behavior? Withdrawal and isolation; detachment? Poor social skills resulting in feelings of humiliation, poor self-worth, blame and feeling ugly? Over-achieving and extreme pressure to perform? Problems with sleeping and/or eatingPsychological and social events contr ibute to the accumulation of problems and stressors. ? Loss experience such as a death or suicide of a friend or family member; broken romance, loss of a close friendship or a family move? Unmet personal or parental expectation such as failure to achieve a goal, poor grades, social rejection? Unresolved conflict with family members, peers, teachers, coaches that results in anger, frustration, rejection? Humiliating experience resulting in loss of self-esteem or rejection? Unexpected events such as pregnancy or financial problemsPredispositions, stressors and behaviors weave together to form a composite picture of a youth at high risk for depression and self-destructive behavior. Symptoms such as personal drug and alcohol use, running away from home, prolonged sadness and crying, unusual impulsivity or recklessness or dramatic changes in personal habits are intertwined with the family and personal history, the individual personality and the emotional/social events taking place in a persons life. It is not always easy for one person to see the whole picture. Thats why it is essential that people who have hunches that something is wrong take the lead to gather perspectives from other friends, family members and professionals who know the young person. It is all too often true that the survivors of an adolescent suicide only put the pieces together after the fact, when they sit together and try to figure out what happened. How fortunate a troubled young person is to have a caring adult take the initiative to look more closely before something serious happens!The University of Minnesota Extension Service has two additional publications that can be helpful:? Supporting Distressed Young People (FS-2786), by Ron Pitzer? Helping Friends in Trouble (FS-2787), by Joyce WalkerSeveral common themes run through these two. First, young people must learn and practice coping skills to get them through an immediate conflict or problem. Coping strategies must emphasize self-responsibility to find positive, non-destructive ways to find relief. Second, communication skills are important. This involves being able to talk and selecting a good listener. It is important to express feelings, vent emotions, and talk about the problems and issues. Peers are good sympathizers, but it often takes an adult perspective to begin to plan how to make changes for the better. Third, young people need help to learn problem-solving skills. Sorting out the issues, setting goals and making plans to move forward are skills that can be taught and practiced. .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 , .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .postImageUrl , .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 , .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:hover , .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:visited , .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:active { border:0!important; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:active , .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2 .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6eacb9c339f17e7abeba2c3764dc2fb2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Spelucian explorers EssayUltimately, most young people will develop and assume the responsibility for their own protection and peace of mind. But during the years of learning and practice, parents, teachers and helping adults need to be aware of the signs and patterns that signal danger. Awareness of adolescent stress and depression opens the door for adults to begin constructive interventions and stimulate emotional development.

Jack Roosevelt Robinson free essay sample

From at a young age Jackie was very into sports and due to this fact he was very upset with he and his family moving. This move however did not inhibit his ambition to be an athlete though. He played baseball, basketball, football, and ran track while attending the University of California in Los Angels. He was one of the top players on the football team as well as the only athlete to letter in four different sports. Unfortunately Jackie left college before getting a chance to graduate due to financial problems but not before meeting his future wife Rachel.After his departure from UCLA he began working for the National Youth Administration at a work camp but it soon closed down and in 1941 he joined the Honolulu Bears, a professional football team in Honolulu Hawaii. He was then drafted into the U. S. Army where he was refused admission to the Officer Candidate School. We will write a custom essay sample on Jack Roosevelt Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He fought this until he was finally accepted and graduated as a first lieutenant. He was in the Army from 1941 until 1944 and was stationed in Kansas and Fort Hood, Texas.During the time he was stationed in Kansas he worked with a boxer named Joe Louis so that he could eight against unfair treatment towards African-Americans in the military and when training in Fort Hood, Texas he refused to go to the back of the public bus and was court-martial for insubordination. Due to this he never made it to Europe with his unit and in 1944 he received an honorable discharge. After he left the Army he joined the Kansas City Monarchs, an all African American baseball team inside of the Negro League.Due to low pay and constant traveling he decided he did not want to make baseball a career even though he was one of the top players. Until 1947 only white players were allowed in Major League Baseball but in 1945 Clyde Superhero who was a scout for Branch Rickety who was the Brooklyn Dodgers club president had been looking for an African-American player and was watching Jackie fo r a while. Rickety signed Jackie to play for the Dodgers minor league team named the Montreal Royals. Jackie was emotionally tired but he enjoyed and appreciated all the support from the fans in this Canadian city because it was so different from the verbal abuse he had before experienced. Jackie Robinson was 27 years Old with an extremely bad temper when he finally Egan playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Rickety went to Jackie with an agreement. He simply asked him to try to control his temper for the first few years and he even called him bad names in which he knew would be yelled Jackasss way in order for him understand the kind of abuse he would be facing.With that, Jackie Robinson agreed and this was the beginning of a very big change in baseball history. The movie 42 begins in 1946. Jackie played his first game on April 15, 1 947 playing first base. He played first base for his entire rookie year but most of his career was spent playing second base. There were many games where he also played third base and outfield. Jackie so far had kept his agreement with Rickety until during a game the umpire said to him, go back to the jungle you little Niger! When this caused him to punch the umpire in the face. After this incident many of the Dodger players felt uncomfortable playing with Jackie and told Dodger management that they would rather strike then play with a black man like Jackie. This madness ended once management told the players that if they truly felt that way they were more than welcome to look for jobs elsewhere. Jackie became close friends with fellow teammate Pee Wee Reese. In a game with Cincinnati the players started yelling things to Jackie and then to Pee Wee. Pee Wee heard one of the players yell, How can you play with this Niger? so Pee Wee walked over to Jackie who was standing at first base, smiled and put his arm around him. The two then became known as a defensive team but of course the harassment did not stop there. Both players and fans continued to verbally harass him. Some pitchers threw balls at him Sometimes even at his head. Base runners attempted to cut him with their elate. One team in particular; the Philadelphia Phillips were extremely abusive with the support of their manager who was Ben Chapman.When the Dodgers played the Phillips on April 22nd the Phillips players continuously yelled at Jackie making upsetting remarks at him. It was not long after that Baseball Commissioner A. B. Happy Chandler admonished the Phillips and asked Jackie to pose for a picture with Chapman. He thought it would make good publicity. Although neither Jackie nor Chapman refused it was something neither of the two truly wanted to do. Jackie made the Major League Baseball minimum salary of 55,000 his rookie year. It is to be said that he played 151 games hit . 97, was the league leader of stolen bases with a total of 29 and nine times stealing home base. He was awarded Rookie of the Year and in 1 949 was awarded by the National League as Most Valuable Player and batting leader with a . 342. In 1955 Jackie was on the downside of his career but it was during his prime that he had finally became respected as a player. He had led the Dodgers to their first World Series in 1 947 with 5 following short after. His Major League career was very short considering he entered the Major League at age 27.This was difficult because as he aged he became easily injured. After the 1 956 season, Jackie was sold to the New York Giants which not long after became the Los Angels Giants. Unfortunately Jackie felt that it was time for him to retire so on January 5 1 957 at the age of 37 he did. He wanted to either manage or coach a team but he didnt receive any offers so instead he became a businessman and the Vice- President of the Chock Full Of Nuts Corporation. In the 1960 election he undistributed to the presidential campaign for Herbert Humphrey.

cutie essays

cutie essays (on the phone)*On a bed I dont know what to do! Seriously nobody understands! No matter how much they want to they just criticize me and if they knew what was really going on instead of just assuming that what was heard and passed around was true and if they knew why I was the way I was they still wouldnt get it...NO! You dont get it either! Dont sit here and try to talk me out of this because Ive been talked to I know the consequences and I know the aftermath. Nothing you can say can make me change...nothing anyone says can make me change how I feel! (Throw the phone) Ugh nobody gets it. (Kneel down in center stage) *Dear God, I hope u can talk for a little bit, youre the only one who will sit here and listen and not talk back in any negative way. You see when you have the problem I do you dont care what people say about you, you still feel the way you have your mind set to. I dont know how much longer I can take this though. If anyone at school knew about this for sure...instead of just assuming that every time I run to the bathroom after a meal is to barf, theyd think I was stupid. But you know what! I dont think Im dumb at all. I know this is wrong. I know this is bad for you. But honestly, anything is better than being fat. Anything is better than thinking youre fat! Even though those trying to help me say the difference doesnt show on the outside, the difference shows inside of me. I cant help but feel...guilty when I eat 8, wear a size 0, and weigh no more than 120! My friends, my best friends, are both skinny. *My friends say Im not fat. They think Im crazy. Yet on spring break...Hay told me my hips were huge! She covered it up by saying its a good thing...ha not really. All I want is to have the perfect body, the body guys want. Bulimia has become my obsession. A...

Strategic decision making mechanisms available to deal with airport Essay

Strategic decision making mechanisms available to deal with airport development at the national and local levels - Essay Example It seems that in the area of strategic planning, the British airline industry needs several alterations and improvements in order to meet the challenges set within the global market. The delays in the application of the relevant projects as described above could affect the performance of the industry towards its competitors and for this reason appropriate plans of action should be designed in order to support the improvement of the particular industry in the long term. Current paper refers to the strategic decision making options/ methods that can be used in the airport development in Britain. Towards this direction, general principles and schemes of strategic decision making procedure will be presented while the current trends that characterize airport development in Britain are also going to be analyzed. On the other hand, a comparison with the conditions that apply in the relevant sector of Ireland has been considered to be necessary in order to understand the elements of airport development and their role within different markets. In this way, any possible differentiation among the British and the Irish market regarding the airport development will be revealed offering valuable information on the formulation and application of strategic decision making mechanisms in both the above countries. The main aspects of the airport development in Britain are presented in the White Paper â€Å"The Future of Air Transport† which published by the British government in December 2003. In accordance with this paper, current efforts in UK regarding the airport development in the various regions across the country focus on the following issues: ‘a) A new runway at Stansted, to be operational by 2011/12; b) A third runway at Heathrow, as long as legal air quality limits are not breached. If this is not possible, Gatwick will have the runway instead, to be operational by 2020; c) A new runway in Birmingham; d) Also, existing airports

Operational IT services Case Study Research Paper

Operational IT services Case Study - Research Paper Example The organization chart is given in Appendix 1. .The important business activities include Sales, Pricing, Marketing, Booking, Reservations, Tour Packaging, Collection, Payment, Invoicing and Billing. People they mostly deal with are Clients, Suppliers, and Tour Agents. They also use MYOB Accounts Package to keep their daily accounts and intend to interlink it with the new Travel and Booking System TABS. Figure 1 depicts the department, people and software currently used by the Red Sky Company Wilson Consulting Services (WCS) is the company who is developing Travel and Booking System (TABS) for Red Sky Travel. They have all the necessary technical and servicing staff for developing and deploying the TABS. The technical staff of Wilson Consulting Services includes Project Managers, Analysts, Programmers, Testers, Technical Writers, Service Desk Manager, and Service staff. Red Sky Travel staff that is going to use the software will be oriented by the Wilson Consulting Services. A deal is also made for accessing VMware Service Manager 9 range of software which will provide support for any ITIL process that is implemented. A fee will be charged for support of ITIL process. The system is expected to become live in 12 weeks time and it is expected to automate important data of travel business and its interfacing and linking with other application program such as MYOB Account Right Premier Package and VMware Service Manager 9 range of software. The services in information technology are managed through a set of processes called ITSM which stands for Information Technology Service Management. Figure 2 depicts complete flow of services in ITSM Methodology. (ITSM Consulting Services)[1] ITSM methodology starts with the customers or business end-users who give their needs or requirements such as business strategy, service planning, organization planning and Technology planning through the Requirement Definition Process. Once the requirements are defined

Global governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global governance - Essay Example As such, global governance is understood to be a process that yields guidelines and treaties through consensus. These agreements and regulations in turn influence the operation of each country in the global perspective. No single definition of global governance has escaped criticism. In the same dimension, there has never been a common understanding of the meaning of the term global governance, with different scholars trying to find their won suitable definitions, which have only proved controversial.3 Global governance is an unstructured term with numerous interpretations. However, all users of the term global governance conform to the idea of absence of global anarchy.4 The concept of sovereignty is that every nation can make decisions and act autonomously without interference of other nations. On the other hand, global governance demands that each country should make decisions and act in such a manner that does not violate global regulations and agreements. Therefore, global governance, in as much as it appears to challenge national sovereignty, does more on the reinforcement and balancing relationship between national governments than it challenges the concept of sovereignty. Pattberg, Philipp. Global Governance: Reconstructing a Contested Social Science Concept, GARNET Working Paper: No 04/06, Accessed on November 9, 2014